The upland regions have highland forest type vegetation. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. Wrote the paper: ZD MV AJL DWM. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Bold dashed lines indicate means. Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Many springs emerge from hill slopes, some of them thermal (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Cameroon has one of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan Africa. There is a coastal plain that extends 15-150 km inland; the south Cameroon plateau that rises from the coastal plain to more than 600 m; the Cameroon chain of mountains, hills and plateaus that extends from Mount Cameroon on the coast (Cameroon's highest point at 4,095 m) almost to Lake Chad on the northern border; the Adamawa Plateau in the centre of the country, with an average elevation of 1,100 m; and a northern lowland region, which extends from the edge of the Adamawa Plateau to Lake Chad, with an elevation of around 300 m. The climate varies across the country, controlled by topography. Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture, much of it at subsistence scale with surplus produce sold in local markets. Everyone in our neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the local government primary school. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples. Additionally, dry season scarcity of good quality forage, exacerbated by local depletion around water sources, tends to make certain herbivores more vulnerable to predation, particularly during low rainfall periods [16][19]. This study revealed seasonal patterns in secondary prey consumption by female lions partly based on prey ecology with browsers, such as giraffe and kudu, mainly consumed in the early dry season, and grazers, such as zebra and suids, contributing more to female diet in the late dry season. The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. 2017. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally bounce these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. Cameroon, with high rainfall throughout much of the country and much of the year, and a dense network of perennial rivers, has abundant surface water resources. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities," explains Njounan. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. For each hair the cross-section and a scale pattern was photographed and identified to species level using photographic reference libraries [30][33] as well as unpublished photographic reference libraries compiled from carcass, capture and museum specimen animals in situ in Zimbabwe. Cameroon has seen relatively high political and social stability since independence, with the same president since 1982. As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). Where multi-species classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the species included. We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. Freya Van Kesteren, The coast is hot and very wet, with only a short dry season. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Further, it revealed the opportunistic hunting behaviour of lions for prey as diverse as elephants and mice, with elephants taken mostly as juveniles at the end of the dry season during droughts. A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. 2018. Sahara Desert Zeke Davidson, Mafany GT and Fantong WY. Sanou, S M, Temgoua, E, Guetiya, W R, Arienzo, A, Losito, F, Fokam, J, Onohiol, J F, Djeunang, B, Zambou, N F, Russo, G, Antonini, G, Pan, A and Colizzi, V. 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055182, Editor: Matt Hayward, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin. Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. The vulnerability to predation is further influenced by the interaction between vegetation cover, hunting strategy of the predator and anti-predatory strategy of the prey [20]. For females, some seasonal differences were detected due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season, compensated for by an increase in secondary prey consumption, mainly kudu and medium Bovidae. UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*. AMCOW. The uppermost sandy layer is hydraulically connected with brackish waters in the Wouri estuary, and saline waters of the coastal wetlands. Water is artificially supplied to some waterholes during the dry season (40 in the study area). However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). Seasonal differences in the preference of prey were tested using Friedman rank sum tests. A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. Prey species proportional biomass contributing to lion diet, as detected from kills, faecal samples and observed hunts. High rainfall means high potential recharge potential in much of Cameroon, except in the arid north, and the limitations on groundwater potential are therefore largely related to low aquifer storage and permeability in the basement rocks across much of the country. Timber logging provides significant government income, but is relatively poorly regulated. 1). Artesian pressure is being reduced, possibly due to over pumping. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. 3A). The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. 23 Views. Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon. This index minimises the biases associated with small sample size (prey proportions below 10%), rare food items and non-linearity in proportional use over time [6]. Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). This is the equivalent of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue basin in Nigeria (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. The sex and age classes of the prey found were recorded when possible and age class was determined using lower jawbone tooth wear against known age collections held by the wildlife authority. Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). Leave a comment Small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous. Vassolo S. 2012. Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. All necessary permits were obtained for the described field study from the appropriate agency (Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 23(1) (c) (ii) 01/20052007). The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). Further north, flows are continuous all year round, with only one peak flood (i.e., Sanaga and Wouri). Cameroon's national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. 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