Annual Report 1872, p. 310. The young Daly recalled in his memoir that he could distinctly hear the grinding of her bottom on the gravel bar over which she was passing.23 Some boats ground to a halt on sandbars. Rachel Kramer/CC-BY 2.0. 111 E. Kellogg Blvd., Suite 105 Due to the collapse of this tunnel, St. Anthony Falls was in danger of eroding away. Old Historical Atlas Maps of Arkansas. All this, they believed, was part of their manifest destiny. Roald Tweet, History of Transportation on the Upper Mississippi & Illinois Rivers, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), 21-22; Petersen, Captains and Cargoes, 228, 234-38; Hartsough, Canoe, 74-75. While the Minnesota legislature appointed someone else to finish Norton's term, Windom won the seat in 1871. Minneapolis had captured title to the head of navigation, but the low dams had eliminated St. Pauls hope for securing hydropower. [and] suggested that the Congress study the problem and find a solution. Windom, Select Committee, p. 7; Schonberger, Transportation to the Seaboard, p. 29. Mackenzie added that the Corps would have to build a third lock and dam with a 10.1-foot lift to bring navigation to St. Anthony Falls and a fourth lock to bring navigation above it. The seizure of the mighty stream had been a major component of Federal strategy since the wars earliest weeks. Wing and closing dam construction began at Pike Island at the mouth of the Minnesota River. 1850-1899. . . Lying at the head of navigation, they demanded a river capable of delivering the immigrants needed to populate the land (not considering that they had taken it from Native Americans) and the tools and provisions needed to fully use it. In 1876, he returned to Wisconsin to becomefittinglya railway agent. In 1805, President Thomas Jefferson sent a young army Lieutenant, Zebulon Pike, into the area to find a suitable site to build a military outpost. C $24.12 . The fourth longest river in the world goes through or forms the border of 10 states. However, Paxson, whom he cites, shows that the railroad completed tracks from Alton to Springfield, Illinois, in 1852, and then from Springfield to Chicago, via a roundabout route, in 1853, but did not have the line in operation until 1854. Merritt, Creativity, p. 141, says that When it appeared that the Mississippi River Improvement and Manufacturing Company would not be able to resolve its internal conflicts, Congress decided to give the project over to the Corps of Engineers. Neither author discusses who pushed Congress to authorize the project. By a 4-foot channel, Congress meant a channel at least 4 feet deep if the river fell as low as it did in 1864. Hundreds of miles of riverbank had been secured with riprap. Just past the crest, the channel quickly became deeper.30 Normally, the river would begin cutting through the steep slope on the back side of the bar and another bar would eventually begin forming downstream of it. In response to their lobbying, Congress authorized four broad projects to improve navigation on the upper river and a number of site-specific projects in the Twin Cities metropolitan area since 1866. Shanai Matteson, an artist and community organizer who grew up in Palisade, stands at the site where the Line 3 oil pipeline will cross underneath the Mississippi River . Major General Ulysses S. Grant stood over maps searching for answers. Mississippi Historical Crossings Additions and/or corrections to the database are encouraged! Lock and Dam 2 (the Meeker Island Lock and Dam) could then be placed about 2.9 miles upstream, below Meeker Island, and would have a lift of 13.8 feet. Kane, Rivalry, pp. Opponents to the amendment included waterpower magnates William D. Washburn and Richard Chute. Snags were such frequent and treacherous hazards that steamboat pilots named them (Figure 3). In 1873, Congress lost patience with the Mississippi River Improvement and Manufacturing Company and appropriated $25,000 for the Corps to begin the project.85 But Congress required the state to return the land grant before the Corps could start. George Byron Merrick, Old Times on the Upper Mississippi: The Recollections of a Steamboat Pilot from 1854 to 1863, Appendix B, Opening of Navigation at St. Paul, 1844-1862, (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987), p. 295. From his experiences, Merrick learned much about the natural river. Henry P. Bosse. Millers at St. Anthony Falls especially pushed for reservoirs above the falls. Ibid., p. 293. Annual Report, 1895, pp. , pdf i74-mrc-bro.pdf (663.5 kB) Download the I-74 Mississippi River Crossings Brochure. This ferry crossed the Mississippi River near the small town of Batchtownin Calhoun Countyinto Lincoln County, Missouri connecting with Route 79. In 1805-06 the pioneer expedition of U.S. Army officer Zebulon Montgomery Pike struggled to within 80 miles (130 km) of the river's source, and in 1832 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, an Indian agent for the U.S. government, identified and named Lake Itasca (from the Latin veritas caput, "true head") as the Mississippi's starting point. After months of frustration, criticism and failure, Grant had executed a brilliant maneuver. St. Paul suffered a double setback. But in 1862, he left the river to fight in the Civil War. Artist: Thompson Ritchie. On June 23, 1866, Congress passed the first postwar River and Harbor Act. Hillhouse reported that the Caffreys work had included 1,600 feet of wing dams. Flood waters had started to recede, but remained . 341, p. 14; Annual Report, 1879, p. 111, see figures 1, 2, and 3 and Plate 3. American Memory Project, Library of Congress. The Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroads were the first railroads to be built in Iowa reaching Rock Island, Illinois, in August 1854 and connecting with Iowa by a ferry crossing the Mississippi River. On April 22, 1856, the citizens of Rock Island, Illinois, and Davenport, Iowa, cheered as they watched three steam locomotives pull eight passenger cars safely across the newly completed Chicago and Rock Island railroad bridge over the Mississippi River. . Mackenzie made the surveys, including borings, during the low-water season of 1893 and concluded that the Corps would have to build two locks and dams to bring navigation to the old steamboat landing below the Washington Avenue Bridge. It came to me strongly every time the men hoisted a swishing bundle of brush to their gunny-sack-protected shoulders. Merrick, Old Times, p. 100; Havighurst, A Wilderness Saga, p. 158, says that early steamboating was a triumph of men more than machines, and, p. 159, that piloting was not so much a trade as a miracle.. 21-22. Key local projects included Locks and Dams 1 (Ford Dam) and 2 (Hastings), Lower and Upper St. Anthony Falls Locks and Dams, and the little known Meeker Island Lock and Dam, which was the rivers first and shortest-lived lock and dam (Figure 2). Kane, St. Anthony, p. 175, says Deprived of the navigation facilities they coveted, persuasive Minneapolitans continued to urge the federal government to act. 2103-04; Annual Report, 1869, p. 237; Annual Report, 1901, p. 2309; Raymond H. Merritt, The Corps, the Environment, and the Upper Mississippi River Basin, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984), p. 1; Merritt, Creativity, pp. Early Navigation Paddling upstream from St. Louis to St. Paul in 1823, the Virginia became the first steamboat to navigate the upper Mississippi River. Petersen, Captains, p. 235; Tweet, History of Transportation on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, pp. Snags skewered the careless and even the cautious steamboat. A favorable landing site on the east bank would have to be located, while other operations would be necessary to distract the Confederates. Finally, and recognizing the emerging power of railroads, the state asserted that the river is now and ever will be and remain the great regulator and moderator of fares and freights among the rival carriers of the commerce of the west. Referring to the Civil War, the state implored Congress to recollect with what haste and facility the various railroad lines combined to increase the cost of travel, and double, and in some instances triple and quadruple, the cost of transporting the produce of the west during the late non-intercourse measures in the Lower Mississippi. The river would bind the country together again.77. 651-293-0200 https://www.historynet.com/crossing-the-mississippi/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, Turmoil in Richmond: Joe Johnston, Jefferson Davis Command Alliance Was Doomed From the Start, How Allied Forces Used Code and Hunches To Turn the Tables on German U-Boats. Sherman once said, Grant is brave, honest, & true, but not a Genius.. Lucile M. Kane, Rivalry for a River: the Twin Cities and the Mississippi, Minnesota History 37:8 (December 1961):309-23. 17 Oct 1872 BUTLER, Thomas *15: BRAKEMAN, Harriet (1835-1866): m'd 05 Jul 1852 WADSWORTH, Elisha . Leisurely the vessel glides along, allowing time to gaze at length on the grandeur and natural. Compatibility between rail lines made transshipment unnecessary. Ahead of him lay the capital at Jackson, and then Vicksburg. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. All demanded the federal presence, the federal expertise and the federal dollars. In the South, although there were migrations to Mississippi and Louisiana, many more people went to Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas. Congress, however, would soon authorize new projects for the upper Mississippi River that would make this impossible. March 26, 2015. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Capt. Maybe, at a few places, especially between St. Paul and Hastings, settlers could have waded across on some persistent bar during extremely low water. . On June 7, 1868, the Minneapolis Daily Tribune claimed that the Meeker Island lock and dam would transfer the commercial prestige of this upper country from St. Paul to the Magnet.80 St. Paul industrial boosters also claimed victory. MN . The 1850s also saw railroads reach across the Mississippi River, serve parts of Texas, and lay down roots in California. The Civil War then delayed construction of the railroad. The bridge was included in the Phase II survey as it is a large of exceptional span or overall length, which according . Oct 2020. Pauluntil Congress did something about the rapids below St. Anthony Falls. The parish seat is Edgard, an unincorporated area, and the largest city is LaPlace, which is also unincorporated.. St. John the Baptist Parish was established in 1807 as one of the original 19 parishes of the Territory of . The first bridge to cross the river here, the Eads Bridge, was completed in 1874 and is still used today. . Railroads moved their freight quicker, giving their users greater flexibility in responding to market changes. ft. to 550,000 cub. Another wave soon followed. In 1880, however, it finally authorized an experimental dam for Lake Winnibigoshish and authorized the remaining dams shortly afterwards. Overcoming squabbles over Enigma, American and British forces sunk dozens of enemy subs. Port Gibson has a nice little downtown area and town square which features the Claiborne County courthouse. 16 The folklore that people once waded across the Mississippi is true. . Under steam power, people and goods could be transported upstream far more quickly and in greater numbers and quantities than on boats with sails or oars or poles. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. .65 Once the willow mats had been laid in the water, the workers would sink them with rock. All the campaigns, labors, hardships and exposures from the month of December previous to this time that had been made and endured, were for the accomplishment of this one object. A turning point had been reached in the campaign for Vicksburg, the Western theater and the war itself. Before 1906, the important problem of the arrangement was largely left to the judgment of local engineers. (Figure 1). Simple Add/Edit Procedure . In 1892, Mackenzie again insisted that only locks and dams could regularly entice steamboats above Meeker Island; any other efforts, he charged, wasted time and money.89, Signaling a possible break, the Chief of Engineers, on February 15, 1893, directed Mackenzie to prepare new and exact estimates for locks and dams for this portion of the river . They did so by driving two tiers of piles nine feet apart and then filling between them with willow brush and placing sacks of sand on top to weigh the brush down. Starting in northern Minnesota, the Mississippi River flows by Minneapolis, St. Louis, Memphis, Baton Rouge and New Orleans. Annual Report, 1875, Part 2, Vol. In response, farmers in the Midwest and throughout the nation joined the first national farm movement, called the Grange or Patrons of Husbandry. Over the next nine years he worked his way up to become a cub pilot. At 692 miles, the Yellowstone River ranks . Focusing on navigation, the Minnesota Legislature, in 1866, petitioned Congress to authorize navigation improvements above St. Paul and requested the land grant on behalf of Meeker's company. The Mississippi River touches 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces and is one of the largest rivers in the world. Marker is on Levee Street north of Clay Street, on the left when traveling north. m., over which the annual rainfall averages 34.7 in., and its discharge per second into the Lower Mississippi varies from 25,000 cub. Doc. In 1855 a railroad entered Galena. The remarkable physical adaptation of our country for cheap and ample water communications, the committee concluded, point unerringly to the improvement of our great natural water-ways, and their connection by canals, or by short freight-railway portages under control of the government, as the obvious and certain solution of the problem of cheap transportation.57, Relying on the reports the Corps of Engineers submitted, the committee noted that improvements on the Mississippi River had been sporadic. Woods, Knights of the Plow: Oliver Kelley and the Origins of the Grange in Republican Ideology, (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991), Chapters 7 and 8, supports and greatly expands on Barns' argument that Kelley actively pushed economic and political solutions and/or tacitly approved while others did so. . From St. Paul to the St. Croix River, the controlling depth at low water was 16 inches. The bridge was completed on June 30, 1956. In turn, the Federal army would have to march south over poor roads and await the arrival of the transports. House Ex. 1491, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1913), pp. The many islands dividing the river disbursed the little water available into side channels and sloughs. Islands created dangerous currents.13 From just below Hastings to St. Anthony Falls roughly 40 islands broke the rivers flow. The Mississippi and her tributaries are natural outlets for the west and northwest, Kelley insisted, but how little attention is given to their improvement. Railroads, he charged, control the river front in every town on the river; their boats can land freight without paying wharfage and people consider it all right. While railroads had received huge land grants, steamboats had not. It did not begin building the project, focusing instead on a provision in the grant that limited the company to selling no more than one section of land within a township. The Union general had determined after the December failures to march his army down the Louisiana side of the river south of Vicksburg and then ferry it across to the east bank. Twelve years later, in 1848, the territory became the new state of . William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West, (New York:W. W. Norton & Company, 1991), p. 296, says that the first railroad to reach the Mississippi River was the Chicago, Alton and St. Louis in 1852-53. The conference organizers' goal was to impress upon these key political officials the depth of the shipping crisis. Alberta Kirchner Hill spent 19 summers (1898-1917) with her father's fleet as they built the dams for the government. The millers recognized that the release of water from the reservoirs for navigation in the later summer and fall would increase the flow of water to keep their mills turning longer and more consistently. Lauren McCoy dove deep to explore how it was a means of freedom. Her father, Albert Kirchner, along with Jacob Richtman, both from Fountain City, Wisconsin, became the leading contractors for the Corps in wing dam construction. Wildlife Although the river is very different than it was when the city was founded in 1764, a wide diversity of wildlife can still be found in and around it. .dodging reefs and hunting the best water.22 Poor hunters often fell prey to the river they hunted. As steamboats evolved and as the region's population and production grew, the river's limitations as a navigation route would become unacceptable and Midwesterners would repeatedly call for its improvement as a commercial artery. Annual Report, 1890, p. 2034; Annual Report, 1892, pp. Between 1866 and 1869, Warren completed 30 survey maps of the upper Mississippi River, at the scale of 2 inches to the mile. Location. Porter's gunboats arrived and began shelling the defenses. Zebulon Pike and Stephen Long both not only commented on how confined the river became above Hastings, they rowed its width to see how few strokes they needed. Some steamboats might land only once, while others returned many times. U.S. Congress, House, Survey of the Upper Mississippi River, Exec. In 1836, the ferry carried a 23-year-old New Yorker named Nelson Dewey across the river. Those that swayed back and forth with the current they called sawyers. The Mississippi River can be broken down into three parts, which in turn decided on whether the crossings were constucted with fixed or moveable spans. From the building boat, Alberta Kirchner recalled, . Gone now, the island lay some three miles below the falls, in Minneapolis. 312-15, quote from p. 315; Kane, St. Anthony, p. 94. Grant Stevenson. The first European to cross the Mississippi River was Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto by boat in 1541, and then railroads crossed it in 1856. 14-15: the rule has been to place them, in straight reaches, five-sevenths of the proposed channel width apart; in curved reaches, one-half on the concave sides and the full width on the convex sides. The Caffrey may have done some work with closing dams earlier. There is the city of St. Paul, and there is the city of Minneapolis. After charging men under him to undertake the tributary surveys, Warren began the upper Mississippi survey from the Rock Island Rapids to Minneapolis himself. Missouri, during the "Golden Age of Steamboats" (1830-1850). The second advance resulted in a bloody repulse at Chickasaw Bayou, north of Vicksburg. When a series of bars came in close succession, the river could become seriously obstructed. Location: Illinois, United States. Crossing the river was essential from the outset. 2, 10, 22, 46. In addition to the Mississippi River crossings, there are six Rock River crossings and another in the final design stage. Subsequent engineers reduced this number to six. The wing dams' success depended upon the main channel's volume and velocity. The river passed over the closing dams when high, but for most of the year, the dams directed water into the main channel, denying flow to the river's side channels and backwaters (Figure 10). Why Congress authorized two low dams, instead of one high dam that could have generated hydropower, is unknown. Thompson gives a rule which is better adapted to the present project (the 6-foot channel), in which he places the dams in straight reaches the full channel width apart, increasing the space 25 per cent on the convex side and diminishing it 25 per cent on the concave side, depending on the degree of curvature. The conservationist and local hero hails from the Quad Cities, a 300,000-person metropolitan area spanning two states on either side of the Mississippi River. Annual Report, 1872, pp. To steamboat pilots the natural river was too perilous, and Midwesterners feared an unreliable river might limit their region's destiny. . This misplaces the authority for authorizing the project with the Corps instead of Congress and makes the Corps a proactive proponent of the project, which she does not demonstrate they were. 1850: Birth of the levee system. Extending navigation above St. Anthony Falls with the other two locks and dams would total $1,538,702.90. To secure their objective, the company needed support from businessmen in Minneapolis, and for that support, Minneapolis interests won back control of the company. A 1903-1905 Corps navigation map shows the river ribbed with wing dams and closing dams and lined with hundreds of miles of riprap. Annual Report, 1908, pp. In addition to its transport role for goods, the river acted as a conduit for the slaves' journey to the Deep South. The river pioneers once forded with their wagons and livestock no longer existed. Sandbars determined the river's overall navigability. No general plan had been developed or implemented. . Reeling from Chicago's increasing dominance over the region's trade, they saw the river as their best counteroffensive. The Engineers or their contractors placed the rock and brush in layers until a dam rose above the water surface to a level that would guarantee a minimum 41/2-foot channel (Figure 9).64. Warren had recommended that Congress fund a survey of the upper Mississippi River's headwaters and tributaries in his 1869 report. No. 1851 (age 35), Goddard, George He came from England with his wife and seven children, five of whom died before reaching Utah. 530, 1649-50; Annual Report, 1907, pp. ft. 44-45. 1780-81. Kane jumps to the construction of Lock and Dam 2, without discussing who made the final push for the project. But in 1868, he quarreled with Minnesota's senior Republican leader, Alexander Ramsey, and failed to get reelected. The map shows frontier forts, outposts, and settlements, the primary migration routes of the Oregon Trail, Northern California Trail, Santa Fe Trail, Old San Antonio Road, Emory's Route, and Cooke's Wagon Route. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Further work on the project, he declared, had to wait until the Engineers could take borings, which they could not do until the state returned the grant. La Crosse, Wisconsin, joined these cities, becoming the terminus of the Milwaukee and La Crosse in 1858. Edward L. Pross, A History of Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Bills, 1866-1933, Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1938, p. 44. In 1855, the St. Anthony Express proposed building two locks and dams. While Grant continued planning and waited for the roads to dry out, he kept the troops at work digging a canal. Locations are listed with the left bank (moving downriver) listed first. In his next report, Warren had suggested a system of 41 reservoirs for the St. Croix, Chippewa, Wisconsin and Mississippi River basins. Historically, the Quad Cities had the first Mississippi River bridge crossing in the United States. . The committee recommended that Congress authorize surveys and get cost estimates prepared as early as possible in order to mature a plan for the radical improvement of the river, and of all its navigable tributaries.58 The committee suggested that the Corps establish a channel of 41/2 to 6 feet for the upper Mississippi River.59 To create a channel of these depths, the committee acknowledged, would require constricting the river with wing dams and closing dams.60. Nick seems somewhat disappointed in the Mississippi's appearance, although happy that he has seen the great American river. By dividing the river, islands limited the water available to the navigation channel and thereby its depth. Low water was based on the rivers elevation in 1864, when a severe drought occurred. 65 Annual Report, 1880, p. 1495. 55101. But, as a result of the economic panic beginning that year, a number of unprecedented droughts and the Civil War, navigation, they brashly claimed, had receded some sixteen miles, to St. Paul, where all the freight destined to these cities, (Minneapolis and St. Anthony) and the vast regions north and west . At its headwaters, the water exceeds 12,800 feet above sea level, while its lowest point measures 1,850 feet above sea level. On the Mississippi's west bank, Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand marched his XIII Corps and two divisions from Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson's XVII Corps south to Hard Times, La., opposite Grand Gulf, the planned crossing point. 15 A few miles below St. Paul, the river sometimes became so shallow that boats would have to stop within sight of the city. Dewey was lured to Cassville by its promise as the potential capital of the Wisconsin Territory. While mining Fold3 today, I ran across the Citizens Records of John McKay. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers,1872, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1876-1940), p. 309. No. Todd Shallat, Structures in the Stream, Water, Science, and the Rise of the U.S. Army Corps of Egineers, (Austin: University of Texas, 1994), p. 141. But navigating the river has never been easy, even today. In his next report to the Chief of Engineers, Warren stated that new surveys showed that the Corps would have to build a second lock and dam, locating it near the mouth of Minnehaha Creek, about one-half mile below Lock and Dam No. Those that bowed in and out of the water they labeled preachers. Harold B. Schonberger, Transportation to the Seaboard: The Communication Revolution and American Foreign Policy, 1860-1900, (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Corporation, 1971), p. 21. 14 ; Annual Report, 1892, pp 12,800 feet above sea level, while its lowest measures... Turn, the federal presence, the federal presence, the controlling depth at low was... In 1836, the Quad cities had the first bridge to cross the as! Above the Falls, in 1848, the water, the Mississippi river, islands limited the exceeds... General Ulysses S. Grant stood over maps searching for answers Anthony Falls was in danger eroding! Of riverbank had been reached in the water exceeds 12,800 feet above sea,. 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