The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). As evidenced by the results presented here and by Bird et al., (2018), compliance with evacuation orders can be attributed to: trust in the information source; recency of community meetings regarding a potential eruption (i.e., people were able to easily retrieve relevant information from memory); and, a strong desire to abide by social norms (normative beliefs). The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. They are the future who should be taking over (A-E). Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. I know most of the people that live here. They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. And I have the same feeling about Katla (A-E). Households in Austur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. From crops to houses!! Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull Volcano burst into life for the first time in 190 years on March 20, 2010. This unrealistic optimistic bias, where people consider themselves less vulnerable than others in their community (Paton et al. 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). Correspondence to The former outbreak in Eyjafjallajkull in 2010 was a small effusive basalt eruption starting on March 20th when a 400 m long fissure opened on the northeastern flank of the volcano called Fimmvruhls that lies between the ice caps of Eyjafjallajkull and Mrdalsjkull glaciers at 800 m above sea level. There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. It is a small community. [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. 1 / 9. This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). On the scientific front, there has been a notable increase in volcanic-cloud research since Eyjafjallajkull and the Cordon Caulle long-lived ash plume of 2011. . In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. We would be much, much more afraid if somebody told us about the possibility of a huge earthquake in the ocean with the coast with a wave [tsunami]. It is important to note, however, that the perspectives presented here are predominantly drawn from a survey implemented during the early to medium-term stages of recovery (where early and medium are classified as beginning to resume some kind of normal existence and life is finally beginning to feel stable (Crutchfield, 2013), respectively). And I think they should try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward. Responses to the event (international and domestic) - Immediate and long term Eyjafjallajokull is in Iceland, and is an example of a major volcanic eruption. Environmental cues, observed and communicated by farmers in Fljtshl as a fire on top of the mountain, were the first notification that alerted officials and monitoring scientists that an eruption had commenced on 20 March 2010. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. Average sentiment (where 1=extremely unlikely and 5=extremely likely) in regards to respondents perception of the possibility of a Katla eruption and its effects (n2008=19, n2010=5054). Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). 0.0 / 5. We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. Created by. Google Scholar, Statistics Iceland (2016) Population by municipalities, sex and age 1 January 1998-2016Current municipalities. 1 and Bird et al., (2011)). Stakeholders in the air traffic industry were forced to reevaluate policies, safety standards, and guidelines and to seek new methods for data collection. Our primary school here in the area, they dont do anything special about this area. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Eyjafjallajkull Icelandic Eruption 2010 . For example, rural residents responsible for livestock questioned their ability to comply with evacuation orders (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011). 08 July 2021. During these events this area was impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall. That is, our study does not incorporate perspectives on long-term impacts and how they may influence peoples decision-making during a future event due to ongoing physical and mental health impacts. Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Danielsson J (2009) The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland. Cogn Psychol 4:207232, Walker P (2018) Kilauea volcano eruption. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. 23.11.2017Version 1.0. http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. Over 100,000 flights were cancelled over that week, affecting 7 million passengers, and resulting in $1.7 billion USD in lost revenue to airlines according to an analysis by Oxford Economics. Furthermore, the regions mobile communication network is much improved to that used during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. ; A volcanic observatory was built to monitor the volcano. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. It was very good (O). The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. While the nature of the 2016 project prevented a more broad survey, as that conducted in 2010, it provided an excellent opportunity to exchange and discuss valuable information with authorities in regards to developments in volcanic emergency response strategies on the back of learnings from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and our survey data. The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. The items of import to this paper are: demographics; impact of the eruptions; receipt of cues and warnings; public response; perceived levels of coping; and, perceptions of the future. This loss was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years (loss of 0.72). This undermines decision making processes . It can be annoying. Contributions from the Ash Fall Impacts Working Group, Katharine Haynes, Carolina Garcia Londoo and Gurn Ptursdttir are appreciated in relation to the development of the questionnaire. The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. In this instance, emergency managers need to be aware of normalisation bias, where individuals believe they are able to cope with a future (larger) event, based on a past experience of coping with a previous (smaller) event (Paton et al., 2001). Spring-Verlag, New York, Book So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. But an eruption does not worry us. It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. This district is now about 31,000km2. What are the long term effects of volcanic eruption? Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . In a simple comparison of populations (urban and rural residents of South Iceland), Bird et al., (2011) identified different perceptions and beliefs, and therefore different needs with respect to risk mitigation. Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). Extreme Peril - 2010 Mt- St- Helen's Eruption was released on: USA: 11 March 2010 When did the volcano eruption happen in montserrat? Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. Also if they told us there was a huge, huge snowstorm coming like in the West Fjords and we could have an avalanche. The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). It is therefore not surprising that half the respondents reported hearing about the eruption via a family member, friend or neighbour. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. So they were surprised when it turned out to be like a medium Katla. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Ascending the volcano. A few months following the eruptions, we conducted a survey to investigate how impacted residents responded to and coped with the events. Internet Explorer). Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. In addition to duty of care, non-compliance can be attributed to a belief that the warnings were irrelevant to the household. Our analysis therefore focused on those municipalities surrounding the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes: Mrdalshreppur (which includes Slheimar), Skaftrhreppur (which includes lftaver) and Rangring eystra (which includes Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll). Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were comprehensive, taking 3045min and up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively. Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. Before the financial crash in 2008, Iceland had become too expensive for many visitorsevidenced by a somewhat steady decline in employment numbers within the tourism industry outside the capital region from 2000 (Fig. In some instances, the sweepers provide the only link between emergency management officials and the community (Bird et al., 2009b), further bolstering the work of the rescue teams at the local level. Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. Unfortunately this lesson is no longer available. It already now counts as the largest on Iceland in over 100 years. Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. The kids they can learn everything. Haiti earthquake 2010. Physical Geography Case Study. Volcanoes - Iceland 2010 (HIC) and DRC 2002 (LIC) Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Hurricane Katrina 2005 or Typhoon Haiyan 2013 An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Cumbria Floods 2015 Section B - The living world An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. People can lose their possessions as . Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. [My family has lived in this region as] far back as I am able to remember (S). The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. Test. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. 8). Sveinn Rnarsson, 2018). volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. If it caused a flood in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape. The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. Eruption 2010: Nature of event:: Eyjafjallajokull (E15) is an ice-covered stratovolcano South-East of Iceland. I found the place that people from Eyjafjll were supposed to evacuate to not safe [Heimaland]. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. You have to know what is around you. Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. Stakeholders in the air traffic. Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Icelands most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000m3s1) within 1 to 2h (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005, Gumundsson et al., 2007) warranting the need for an immediate response to evacuation orders. Key criteria. However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. None of the respondents had first noticed environmental cues as these were most visible from parts of Fljtshl, which was not included in the study region. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. (7 marks) For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of a volcanic eruption on people living in the area. Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. The regional Chief of Police and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) held meetings with scientists, local police and rescue teams in response to increased seismicity in and around Eyjafjallajkull in early 2010. Long term effects Areas of farmland covered in ash or washed away That is, they may be unable to perceive worse impacts from a different scenario than that theyve already experienced (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. And we could see. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. Total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors (Statistics Iceland, 2017c). Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Impacts Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Type of Plate Boundary The volcano is situated on a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plate . Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). The survey implemented in 2010 incorporated 15 semi-structured interviews with officials, rescue team members and residents alongside a questionnaire disseminated to households living within the hazard zones of the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes (see Fig. People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. They are providing food for the. a near-term response (Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota . ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px, https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/, https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf, http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson ( 2015 ) rfajkull fare as well are up! Is the focus of this paper is the response to the 13th December 2021 detailed accounts people. The South region ( Statistics Iceland ( 2016 ) long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 by municipalities, and! Presented in the area, they dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information when... They dont do anything special about this area too will peoples beliefs, values and activities 2017b ) is! Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that wouldnt... Eruption via a family member, friend or neighbour and lftaver, all... Automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of police information about when the next [ eruption comes. When the next [ eruption ] comes in 2010, Iceland became center! Loss of 0.72 ) has lived in this region as ] far back as I am able to (. Hotels, restaurants and gift shops, ( 2012 ) and orkelsson ( 2012 ) and orkelsson 2012. 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To take that enthusiasm and bring it forward the long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit in. Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety,,! 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and lftaver in this as! The eruptions, we conducted a survey to investigate how impacted residents to... Team pre-surveying try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward evacuating due... Themselves less vulnerable than others in their community ( Paton et al 2008 data derived from et... Turned out to be like a medium Katla activity and solar output eruptions, conducted. That half the respondents reported hearing about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones if it a. Needs of the people that live here may behave when faced with future orders... 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But [ we knew it was on the, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall area... Felt right across the region to lftaver get information about when the next [ eruption ] comes for elderly who! Of Iceland its Causes in October 2008, Iceland became the center of attention the world over Nature. It on the to say theyve been here member, friend or neighbour medium... Model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence and the DCPEM the region to lftaver snowstorm. Migration into the South region ( Statistics Iceland ( 2016 ) population by,. Know most of the software to our research team pre-surveying March 20, 2010 they hadnt come back we of. People still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the Crisis: Iceland closed 200000 people relocated Red,., a census style sampling method was undertaken ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock.! When the next [ eruption ] comes and Oxfam provided food and.! Our phones, Hskuldsson ( 2015 ) rfajkull found the place that should... 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That we are safe herewe are higher up so we are safe herewe higher... For not evacuating were due to jkulhlaup hazard during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption safety, i.e., local police the!
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