[31] Ferdinando's pro-papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. Francesco married Johanna of Austria, and with his consort produced Eleonora de' Medici, Duchess of Mantua, and Marie de' Medici, Queen of France and Navarre. Cosimo the Elder, the first of the Medici to gain notable political status in Florence, married the daughter of a very prestigious Florentine family. Tony Soprano and Shakespeares Macbeth may be well-known Machiavellian characters, but the man whose name inspired the term, Niccolo Machiavelli, didnt read more, 1. When Cosimo I moved the Florentine administrative offices into a building known as the Uffizi, he also established a small museum. The Medici family came from the agricultural Mugello region[9] north of Florence, and they are first mentioned in a document of 1230. In 1537 he was assassinated by a companion who was also a relative. Secrets and Romance of the de' Medicis. In addition, the early Medici resolutely courted favour with the middle and poorer classes in the city, and this determination to be popolani (plebeian) endured a long time after them. Experience the Medici in Florence with HISTORY Travel. Why did the Medici family lose power? Because of this act, considered a betrayal, the Medici had to flee Florence (1494). The descendants of Cosimo I ruled into the 18th century in relative stability. In 1534, following a lengthy illness, Pope Clement VII diedand with him the stability of the Medici's "senior" branch. Gently saute the garlic until soft but not brown. [13] The city's numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by townhouses built by the prospering merchant class.[14]. Add the anchovies and cook 5 minutes, mashing the anchovies. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan navy there. [12] Until the late 14th century, the leading family of Florence was the House of Albizzi. Known for writing cheques to Michelangelo, the Medici have of late been airing some dirty laundry as a handful of their descendants fall into a spat. In reward, Charlemagne is said to have rewarded Averardo with the shield mauled by the giant, with the dents in the shape of balls, and the giant's lands in Mugello. In 1512, thanks in part to the efforts of Pieros younger brother Giovanni (a cardinal at the time and the future Pope Leo X), the Medici family was able to return to Florence. The Medici family had a long and powerful influence in European history for hundreds of years. For example, the Medici family gained political control over Florence in the 1430s, which ultimately led to the end of the Florence Republic and led to their reign as monarchs over the city-state. By the early 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. Tuscany was overrun with religious orders, not all of whom were obliged to pay taxes. In addition to commissions for art and architecture, the Medici were prolific collectors and today their acquisitions form the core of the Uffizi museum in Florence. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century and facilitated the Medicis' rise to political power in Florence, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century. He ruled for five years. Although knowledge of vitamins did not exist at the time, the benefit of oranges for certain diseases was recognized and their association with recommendations by medical doctors suggests to Dr. Ruggiero that this likely is the imagery intended in the coats of arms for the Medici family. Catherine's father, Lorenzo II de' Medici, was made Duke of Urbino by his uncle Pope Leo X, and the title reverted to Francesco Maria I della Rovere after Lorenzo's death. The origins. Alessandro proved to be cruel and brutally authoritarian. Giovanni . The last ruler of the House of Medici was Gian Gastone, who died in 1737. [20], Lorenzo de' Medici (14491492), called "the Magnificent", was more capable of leading and ruling a city, but he neglected the family banking business, which led to its ultimate ruin. There are six descendants of the Medici family, including Princess Costanza de 'Medici. Cosimo de' Medici. The familys roots supposedly are linked to one of Charlemagnes eighth-century knights, named Averardo. The Medicis' wealth and influence was initially derived from the textile trade guided by the wool guild of Florence, the Arte della Lana. His grandson Salvestro took up his policy of alliance with the popolo minuto (common people) and was elected gonfalonier, head of the signoria, the council of government, in 1378. Fanciful stories depict the images as pills or cupping glasses, a late-medieval medical instrument used to draw blood. The Medici, however, were able to escape this fate and even took advantage of it to establish themselves among the citys elite. The Medici family was emigrants from the Tuscan village of Cafaggiolo, Italy, . The latter died before his father, who in death received the title "Father of His Country." Four members of the Medici family went on to become the Popes of the Catholic Church. Salvestro more or less willingly stirred up an insurrection of the ciompi, the artisans of the lowest class, against his rivals and, after the rebellions victory, was not above reaping substantial monetary and titular advantages. The Medici family had up to ten bank branches: in Avignon, Venice, Rome, Naples, Milan, Pisa, Geneva, Lyon, Bruges, and London. Giovanni, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, became Pope Leo X. Together, they have tens of thousands of living descendants today, including all of the Roman Catholic royal families of Europebut they are not patrilineal Medici. Cosimo understood immediately that the only way to protect the fortune they had gathered was to acquire an even larger political influence in Florence. I have decided, with your approval, to sail for Naples immediately, believing that as I am the person against whom the activities of our enemies are chiefly directed, I may, perhaps, by delivering myself into their hands, be the means of restoring peace to our fellow-citizens. The first grand duke of the new dynasty, Francis I, was a great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I de' Medici, thus he continued the Medicean Dynasty on the throne of Tuscany through the female line. Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, Anna Maria Luisa's spouse, successfully requisitioned the dignity Royal Highness for the Grand Duke and his family in 1691, despite the fact that they had no claim to any kingdom. He discusses the art of giving, the myths and reality of royalty, and how a royal mindset can benefit everyone in their lives. History of the Medici Rulers 1. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject from being educated outside the Grand Duchy, a law later overturned, but resurrected by Maria Maddalena's grandson, Cosimo III. From this base, they acquired political power initially in Florence and later in wider Italy and Europe. On 4 April 1718, Great Britain, France and the Dutch Republic (also later, Austria) selected Don Carlos of Spain, the elder child of Elisabeth Farnese and Philip V of Spain, as the Tuscan heir. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (c. 13601429), son of Averardo de' Medici (13201363), increased the wealth of the family through his creation of the Medici Bank, and became one of the richest men in the city of Florence. An exceedingly discontented pairing, this union produced three children, notably Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, and the last Medicean Grand Duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici. Although he never held any political office, he gained strong popular support for the family through his support for the introduction of a proportional system of taxation. . The House of Medici (English: / m d t i / MED-i-chee, Italian: [mditi]) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. Please join us. 1535-1605). In 1536, Alessandro de' Medici married Charles V's daughter, Margaret of Austria; however, the following year he was assassinated by a resentful cousin, Lorenzino de' Medici. The Medici family were at the time the de facto rulers of Florence: originally bankers, they came to great wealth and power by bankrolling the monarchies of Europe. It would also have reflected the family's interest in Etruscan art and culture. [77] In addition, the notion of Etruscan votive sculpture would have chimed with the participation of the Medici in the religious custom of offering up votive statues, a practice that recalled the ancient Etruscan convention of donating sculptures in the hope of, or gratitude for, divine favour. Some of these villagers, in the 12th century perhaps, became aware of the new opportunities afforded by commerce and emigrated to Florence. Following her father's assassination, she was reared at the court of Cosimo I de' Medici and married advantageously twice. Print Family Tree. However, as their wealth grew, there appeared a moral dilemma. But then decay set in. They were more than beneficent and ostentatious patrons of the arts; they were also enlightened and were probably the most magnificent such patrons that the West has ever seen. Giuliano, who received the French title of duc de Nemours, was in poor health and died relatively young. Pope Leo X would chiefly commission works from Raphael, whereas Pope Clement VII commissioned Michelangelo to paint the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel just before the pontiff's death in 1534. . Giovannis two sons, Cosimo (13891464) and Lorenzo (13941440), both of whom acquired the appellation of the Elder, founded the famous lines of the Medici family. The family business is believed to have dwindled in the hands of its later descendants. Descendants Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany Maria (1540-1557) Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1541-1587) married Johanna of Austria. In 1569, the duchy was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany after territorial expansion. Anna Maria Luisa was offered a nominal regency by the Prince de Craon until the new grand duke could peregrinate to Tuscany, but declined. After this, Lorenzo adopted his brother's illegitimate son Giulio de' Medici (14781535), the future Pope Clement VII. His son Giovanni di Bicci de Medici (13601429), considered the first of the great Medici, inherited the family business based on cloth and silk manufacturing and on banking operations and made the family powerfully prosperous. Medici, House ofThe Medici family dominated the Italian city of Florence throughout the Renaissance and beyond, from 1434 to 1737. Pieros son, also named Lorenzo, regained power in Florence, and his daughter Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) would become queen of France after marrying King Henry II; three of her four sons would rule France as well. Medici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). The simplest, though also unproven, theory suggests that the balls represented coins copied from the coat of arms of the Guild of Moneychangers (Arte del Cambio) to which the Medici belonged. Where do the rich people live in Florence? Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (1511-1537) was the illegitimate son of Clement VII but officially the illegitimate son of Lorenzo de' Medici. The family also got its genes mixed with those of most royal families in Europe. That November, the ship landed on the shores of Cape Cod, in present-day Massachusetts. However, several extant branches of the House of Medici survive, including the Princes of Ottajano, the Medici Tornaquinci,[55] and the Verona Medici Counts of Caprara and Gavardo. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; his inaction in international affairs, however, would have long-reaching consequences down the line. Patrilineal descendants today: 0; Total descendants today: about 40,000. Born 13 April 1519 - Florence, Toscana, Italy. It provided the Roman Catholic Church with four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV, and Leon XI) and married into the royal families of Europe (most notably in France, in the persons of Queens Catherine de Mdici and Marie de Mdicis). Henry and Catherine became the ancestors of monarchs of several countries. For the pharmaceutical company, see, Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, The Medieval World Europe 11001350 by Friedrich Heer, 1998 Germany. Three lines of Medici successively approached or acquired positions of power. [57] Lorenzo also served as patron to Leonardo da Vinci (14521519) for seven years. In commemoration of the deaths of Giuliano and Lorenzo, the two who had died relatively young, the family commissioned Michelangelo to complete the famous Medici Tombs in Florence. Part 2 and 3 follow the line of Giovanni di . Giovanni de Medici first brought the family to prominence in Florence by starting the Medici bank. [26] To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of mulberry trees along the major roads (silk worms feed on mulberry leaves). Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492), also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, was a poet himself, and supported the work of such Renaissance masters as Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo (whom the Medicis commissioned to complete their family tombs in Florence). The Medici family was connected to most other elite families of the time through marriages of convenience, partnerships, or employment, so the family had a central position in the social network: several families had systematic access to the rest of the elite families only through the Medici, perhaps similar to banking relationships. The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, was the Italian family that ruled Florence, and later Tuscany, during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512, and from 1527 to 1530). [32] Cosimo died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1621. The Medici remained in exile until 1512 when the descendants of Cosimo de Medici returned and ruled until 1537. [72][73] The number of balls also varied with time, as shown below. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. Against a backdrop of political stability and growing prosperity, the development of new read more, Toward the end of the 14th century A.D., a handful of Italian thinkers declared that they were living in a new age. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, the first patron of the arts in the family, aided Masaccio and commissioned Filippo Brunelleschi for the reconstruction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence in 1419. The Medici headed Europe's largest bank, became Florence's richest family, and controlled Florentine politics. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in Livorno. [59] Eleanor of Toledo, a princess of Spain and wife of Cosimo I the Great, purchased the Pitti Palace from Buonaccorso Pitti in 1550. The family originally came from a village in Tuscany but eventually migrated to Florence, its capital. During Cosimos time, as well as that of his sons and particularly his grandson Lorenzo de Medici, the Italian Renaissance flourished, and Florence became the cultural center of Europe. [75], Alternatively, it has been suggested that the Medici coat of arms was initially inspired by symbols drawn from Etruscan votive sculpture, examples of which feature an oval dome with balls (echoing the forms of the Medici shield), as well as six balls within a triangle (as found in the alternative, triangular version of the Medici emblem). Gian Gastone, who came to power in 1723 and led a life of debauchery, died without any heirs. The Medici controlled the Medici Bankthen Europe's largest bankand an array of other enterprises in Florence and elsewhere. The Medici family started with the traditional bench, lending money to merchants with interest, which led to establishing the Medici Bank, founded in 1397. [78] Such favours would have included the wish for a strong and healthy family, both for the supplicant and their descendants. [34] Upon the death of the last Duke of Urbino (Francesco Maria II), instead of claiming the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino's granddaughter and heiress, Vittoria della Rovere, they permitted it to be annexed by Pope Urban VIII. The main challengers to the Albizzi family were the Medici, first under Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, later under his son Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici and great-grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici. The Medici, rulers of Renaissance Florence, are not the most obvious example of a multiracial family. Piero II de Medici+ b. . 2. Alum is essential as a mordant in the dyeing of certain cloths and was used extensively in Florence, where the main industry was textile manufacturing. Following the assassination of Duke Alessandro, power passed to the "junior" Medici branchthose descended from Lorenzo the Elder, the youngest son of Giovanni di Bicci, starting with his great-great-grandson Cosimo I "the Great.". His memory, however, was still alive in 1393, when the popolo magro (lean people) once more thought it possible to take over the signoria. With that said, there was a . Genealogy of the Medici family of Florence, 1569. Like other families ruling in Italian signorie, the Medici dominated their city's government, were able to bring Florence under their family's power, and created an environment in which art and humanism flourished. Medici Giovanni (de') 1360 - 1429 Bueri Piccarda 1368 - 1433 Bardi Alessandro (de') 1360 - Pannocchieschi Camilla - Medici Cosimo (de') 1389 - 1464 Bardi Lotta (de') 1391 - 1473 Medici Piero (de') 1416 - 1472 Tornabuoni Lucrezia - Medici Lorenzo (de') 1449 - 1492 View full family tree Source : 19riccardo60 More information As these descendants lost their grip on the banking empire, economic troubles with debt-ridden foreign nationals and the Pazzi conspiracy - a coup by rival banking families backed by the Catholic Church to usurp Medici control in Florence - had brought the Medici Bank to an end. Giovanni's son Cosimo the Elder, Pater Patriae (father of the country), took over in 1434 as gran maestro (the unofficial head of the Florentine Republic). 3. In the 15th century the principal branch of the family acquired great wealth from banking and commerce and used it to exercise political influence in the Florentine republic, but in the 16th century the republic gave way to a . "They were bankers," says Bartlett. Europe largely ignored Cosimo's plan. In the dangerous circumstances in which our city is placed, the time for deliberation is past. These descendants included Cosimo I, who became Duke of Florence in 1537 and grand duke of Tuscany in 1569. Through Marie, all succeeding French monarchs (bar the Napoleons) were descended from Francesco. Catherine de Medici. The House of Medici produced 4 popes - Leo X (1513-1521), Clement VII (1523-1534), Pius IV (1559-1565) and Leo XI (1605). [27] In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg[28] hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. Medici family, French Mdicis, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530). Cosimo was in Italy, Eleanora in Spain. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. To ensure the continuance of his family's success, Lorenzo planned his children's future careers for them. [18], Three successive generations of the MediciCosimo, Piero, and Lorenzoruled over Florence through the greater part of the 15th century. View Site Catherine d'Medici - King's College Catherine de' Medici was born to the Medici family of Florence in 1519. [39] At that time, the economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places. [51], The "Lorrainers", as the occupying forces were called, were popularly loathed, but the regent, the Prince de Craon, allowed the electress to live unperturbed in the Palazzo Pitti. [38], Ferdinando died on 23 May 1670 afflicted by apoplexy and dropsy. The Medici were responsible for a high proportion of the major Florentine works of art created during their period of rule. In later years the most significant protg of the Medici family was Michelangelo Buonarroti (14751564), who produced work for a number of family members, beginning with Lorenzo the Magnificent, who was said to be extremely fond of the young Michelangelo and invited him to study the family collection of antique sculpture. Despite the presence of some Medici in the city's government institutions, they were still far less notable than other outstanding families such as the Albizzi or the Strozzi. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He was interred in the Basilica of San Lorenzo, the Medici's necropolis. The Galileo Project. A distant cousin of Salvestro was Averardo de Medici (or Bicci), whose progeny became the famous Medici of history. His three children, Piero (14721503), Giovanni (14751521)later Leo Xand Giuliano (14791516), played contrasting roles in the citys history. Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the New World with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions. He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was dedicated to him. By the 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. [17] Involvement in another plot in 1400 caused all branches of the family to be banned from Florentine politics for twenty years, with the exception of two. The Medici family . The grand duchy witnessed degrees of economic growth under the early grand dukes, but was bankrupt by the time of Cosimo III de' Medici (r. 16701723). Click to learn more! She occupied herself with financing and overseeing the construction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, started in 1604 by Ferdinando I, at a cost to the state of 1,000 crowns per week.[52]. [79], Old coat of arms of the Medici used by Giovanni di Bicci and Cosimo the Elder, The intermediate coat of arms of the Medici, Or, six balls in orle gules, The "augmented coat of arms of the Medici, Or, five balls in orle gules, in chief a larger one of the arms of France (viz. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected Pope Leo XI. Ultimately, it reached its zenith in the papacy and continued to flourish for centuries afterward as Dukes of Florence and Tuscany. The background shows the family's influence in the region. Netflix viewers have been left wondering how the new characters, led by Lorenzo de Medici (played by Daniel Sharman) are related to those in season one, which starred Richard Madden as Cosimo de . The barbarous, unenlightened Middle Ages were over, they said; the new age would be a rinascit (rebirth) of learning and literature, art and culture. In the 16th century a third line renounced republican notions and imposed its tyranny, and its members made themselves a dynasty of grand dukes of Tuscany. [23], The Medici additionally benefited from the discovery of vast deposits of alum in Tolfa in 1461. Because of her generous love for the city of Florence, the last descendant of the family, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, created the "Family Pacts," which ensures the preservation of all of the Medici family's artwork. All episodes of Season 3 of 'Medici' are now streaming on Netflix. Became Pope Leo X healthy family, both for the supplicant and their.! Medici were responsible for a high proportion of the major Florentine works art... Their descendants the garlic until soft but not brown one of Charlemagnes eighth-century,... As patron to Leonardo da Vinci ( 14521519 ) for seven years in,. The Renaissance and beyond, from 1434 to 1737, they acquired political power initially in Florence and elsewhere he! 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That barter trade became prevalent in rural market places I moved the Florentine administrative offices a. Establish themselves among the citys elite and cook 5 minutes, mashing the anchovies and cook 5 minutes mashing... Was to acquire an even larger political influence in European history for hundreds of years continuance of family! Into a building known as the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose progeny became the ancestors of monarchs several... A relative ), whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was dedicated to..
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