The 15-20 years of experience accumulated by this industry has shown that competent, reliable and precise operation of nuclear facilities, technical means of ensuring safety and proper staff training are enough to prevent big accidents with radiation outbursts from happening, at least, not at the stations themselves. This was dangerous and hard work because they had to go inside the block every time and search for the most suitable spots that would reliably diagnose the condition of reactor number 4. There were very large gaps that could not hold the concrete, preventing it from hardening, and making it impossible to set up the base for the subsequent construction elements. The air force, the helicopter groups, worked very precisely. These solutions were used extensively. This resulted in a considerable reduction of radioactivity spreading from reactor number 4 to a wider area. But since the original signal was serious, the information was relayed to the Government and it established the Government Commission. But the situation was complex. So General Berdov, who had arrived from Kiev, ordered that all policemen will go to every flat and inform that no one should go outdoors until the next day and should stay at home. The Operative group itself however didnt show any tension at all. After this, the ice melted. Starting on the second day we started receiving suggestions from abroad about various chemical mixtures that could be used on the burning graphite. If the temperature is high, it melts and absorbs heat. The first design mistake was that there should be at least two emergency protection systems, as required by international standards and as common sense suggests. Should the fuel get there, it would contaminate a considerable part of water in Ukraine. People had started sensing that. For some reason, the local authorities could not organize the sufficient number of people to prepare the needed bags and sand, so that the helicopter pilots only had one task: to carry the bags to position and drop them. That is idle talk; even though it is so very widespread. Adamovich: People say that the Japanese proposed something like this, that we give them the Kuril Islands and they will extinguish everything. This was, I think, in 1985. In other words, this issue was constantly under his control, as were all the other issues related to the Chernobyl accident. And for the last 20 years, he spoke wherever he could, at the Politburo, etc. And since the number of such [nuclear] devices must increase, the problem becomes urgent. Maybe someone is trying to create it now. You hang your suit on a tree, wherever you are. [5], For around two years, Legasov worked as an engineer at the Siberian Chemical Combine in the city of Tomsk-7, as a shift supervisor. We arrived at Kiev. The report of minister Efim Pavlovich Slavsky began - and it was quite dull, standard and mundane. Then something else happens. How? I have to start the part where I create my memoir. And most importantly, emphasize that nuclear sources, as any previous sources, are not only the bearer of energy but also the bearer of new technology. Because of that our conversation was rather fragmented with long silences in between. And if the operator is killed, falls ill or dies, then all these 211 rods will remain in place. The pumping devices were turned on and this water was pumped out. After that, we began to give way sharply in all fields, give way and just started to decline. Learning to prepare is preparing to survive. That is why the Finnish station was constructed with a cover. Adamovich: But these hazardous [Unclear]. It lived a peaceful life, quietly, very peacefully. Moreover, the new specialists reflected the standard of the design organisations in their qualifications. If he doesnt get a bonus of 100 roubles, he will survive. They see the director, who is a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, and their [own] salary is lousy. The operators were all sweating; they could not control it because of its large size and the peculiarities of the nuclear processes. passed it. Suggestions. Because of these differences a commission had to be formed and Anatoly Petrovich was asked to be an arbitrator to search for mistakes. He, of course, would call the Second Deputy of the Government Commission, comrade Silayev Ivan Stepanovich, or maybe he would call Shcherbina and talk to him, but this was not in my presence. Because, well, one telegram was just provocative, clearly provocative. Sand played a double role. An appropriate team was gathered at night and approximately within three to four hours, they departed to the site. Legasov: No, allowed. The question arose that there are no cases, nuclear energy has to be developed, and then comrade Slavsky, the Minister of Medium Machine Building comes up with a proposal, in parallel with the VVER reactors, Adamovich: [QUESTION INTERRUPTS THE NARRATION ASKING TO EXPLAIN THE VVER ABBREVIATION AND DIFFERENCES FROM RBMK]. NIKOLAEV and the Chairman of the Regional Executive Committee Comrade. This must be noted. Moreover, we added clay just for filtering. So, if something, having a low probability but still, suddenly happens, it will remain limited to the area of the reactor itself. And the design itself had, Id say, at least three fundamental flaws. We need to think about some special measures to localize accidents for those 28 devices that dont have containments. And I spoke with Mikhail Sergeyevich in the second, third and fourth calls. This is the function of the science supervisor, not creating a particular device with given properties. Execution of the command begun immediately. They were ventilating the hydrogen bubble. And in general, all the experts, scientists, at least at different times and from different platforms, talking about individual parts, said that we are on the road to a bad accident; Anatoly Pavlovich Aleksandrov said it, repeatedly citing striking examples of carelessness in the construction of nuclear power plants; Sidorenko said it, speaking about disorders in operation and documentation; the young specialists said it; the material scientists said it. These circumstances need to be explained. Sensors for radiation fields, sensors that could measure the composition of gas at various locations in the Chernobyl NPP. With the same . Groundwater protection became one of our most important problems immediately around May. At least not at the age that I currently am, just into my fifties. Valery Alekseyevich Legasov ( bahasa Rusia: ; 1 September 1936 - 27 April 1988) adalah kimawan anorganik dan anggota Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Uni Soviet. This meant that they did not have time to inform some of the people or that they had come from somewhere else. This is how the ideology of RBMK reactor appeared. [5] Under his leadership, a series of drastic reforms of the organization and funding of scientific institutions were drafted. Not for the record but for understanding. Just think about it; we have a dozen such reactors, the Americans have 90 of them, the British have 40 and the French have 60. There are unsolved issues. The Government Commission itself had already been relocated by this time. Once a magazine called Business Week fell into my hands. Here is the fate of this forest. Then, we will need to mention that both during and after the construction of the Novovoronezh NPP, the policy of our government did not attach any particular importance to the development of nuclear energy; because it was believed that by using organic sources of fuelcoal from Donbass, gas from Saratov, and then the oil reserveswe would be able to fulfil all our industrial needs; and that the nuclear energy demonstrated at Obninsk, Beloyarsk and Novovoronezh stations was more in the way of scientific research that prepared us for some future. This was sort of the main task in that period. Legasov: Oh well, I Thats how much we were confused by the scale of the accident. [7], At Vnukovo airport, Legasov met Boris Shcherbina, the head of the government commission dealing with the accident response. Normally, everything would be stored on a single personal computer, in one or two disks, located next to the operator so that he could at any moment clarify something. leaders, specialists, or for the fact that somewhere there was a high traumatism, either for some financial omissions, or for some specific, technically inaccurate. When it hits the fan, dont say we didnt warn you We will daily add new articles and videos! [36] Legasov's daughter commented "It was not an emotional breakdown, it was a deliberate, thoroughly considered act. Only they had discarded all of our automatic control systems and put in Canadian ones. [1] He also considered the possibility of ground water contamination to be extremely low, but precautionary work was initiated to cool the reactor using an underground system. Yurchenko Yury Fedorovich was the director of this organization. But there are only four of them, the American ones. These were the problems that I was researching. But the full cycle of nuclear fuel safety must be added to those requirements. At that time, the entire protection system was copied, probably from [TAPE ERASED] that existed in the industrial reactors and was using accumulated military experience. This, by the way, I felt less keenly, because my own functions as a member of the Energy Commission were to determine the rate of commissioning nuclear power stations, the chronology of tasks, and the structure of nuclear energy. So he was in shock. Chernobyl began, in my opinion, conditionally of course, in 1961; that is, in the very year when Gagarin flew into space or at the time of the last highest achievement of Soviet science and technology. Valery legasov was a nuclear physicist. Happily, a sufficiently large amount (forty tonnes) of boron carbide was available from an uncontaminated stockpile, and it was quickly dropped into the reactor by helicopters. But, well, what kind of robots? But the article stated very precisely that: firstly, the Soviet Union has developed the physical fundamentals of nuclear energy on the same level as the rest of the world, but the technology gap to implementing those physical fundamentals is huge, and the French should not help the Russians in overcoming this gap. Today, our measures are planned; such and such have been implemented and such and such issues worry us. So the situation has only worsened. When someone crossed out something, the operator could interpret it as right or wrong and could perform arbitrary actions. [1] Legasov admired the leadership of Boris Shcherbina, particularly for his ability to grasp what the specialists were telling him and his decision making. From talks, from documents, I knew that the original position was this. [7] However, news of progress made by Neil Bartlett in Canada caused Legasov to switch his interest to noble gas chemistry. It was considered bad because of economic reasons. Very interestingly, the station staff consisted of 45 people, if I recall correctly, who had to plan the reloading operation; that is they planned who, of the people that didn't work at the station, had to participate in the reloading. Yes, and I also wanted to talk about the administrative systems. A group of specialists was there also; they had arrived after the first call the previous night. This was obvious and Komsomol themselves wrote many papers about it. For example, the press spent a lot of time on the so-called needle which was fiddled with for a long time. Legasov: No, no such duration. For example, when there was a need to propose that the share of RBMK devices in nuclear energy be increased, then Anatoly Petrovich Aleksandrovs support was required on this issue. "[11] Legasov's defenders counter this saying "Courage was not forgiven him, since it clearly marked the cowardice and ordinariness of others. The most trivial cleaning methods also had a big effect: regular cleaning of roads, setting up points for decontamination of vehicles and people - all this became more and more organized and sophisticated as time passed. The second group of specialists, who was working under the instruction of Lev Dmitrievich Ryabev, consisted of radiation institute staff of Ministry of Medium Machinebuilding, was measuring the activity only in some hydro physical points around the station. And now it appears that it is impossible to make the rods move that fast after all. When the fire ended, when we established that the surface temperature, that was monitored, is not higher than 300 degrees Celsius, all actions targeted towards eliminating the fire itself and its spread ended. And very organized work at hbo actor david goodsell, valery legasov tapes transcript for candidate for speaking with unlicensed spectrum that, chernobyl nuclear power engineering commission, he is activated physicians as it. Legasov: If we were to do this, there would simply be another explosion. [1], As a result of this work in Vienna, "[he] became very popular, in Europe he was named the person of the year, he entered the top ten scientists in the world. This too was a point of concern. I liked him from the very beginning. This situation continues today. This plan was rejected on 26 April 1988, the day before his death. A more effective solution was put forward to the Minvodkhoz: to surround the entire contaminated territory with approximately 1450 wells, some of which would be measuring wells in which the radioactivity of the water flowing through wouldbe continuously measured; then, if necessary, contaminated water could be pumped out using special devices, preventing it from reaching the groundwater. But that will be tomorrow, and right now there isnt. And finally, elements such as clay, for example, served as filtering elements meant to prevent part of the radioactive isotopes from getting into the external environment. And so, after many discussions and consultations, two materials were proposed as temperature stabilisers: lead and dolomite. It must be added, however, that a number of challenges with this reactor were solved very well. The exciting time when a young man begins practice. Shcherbina was out of Moscow at this time, somewhere outside the capital, holding some event. [7] From 1983 until his death, he worked as chair of the department of Radiochemistry and Chemical Technology at the Faculty of Chemistry at Moscow State University. Whether it made a big difference is hard to say. Although, I must say that for those devices that do not have containments, these measures will probably not be enough. During the first days, he was on the ventilation "stack" (the pipe of the nuclear power plant). The Operative group had to take many decisions about accepting or rejecting help from abroad, that was proposed at some time. I dont think so. The water would immediately evaporate, leaving pure ammonium nitrate. This is the philosophy that applies to any entity which makes the system reliable. The wall was obviously built there because of some engineering considerations after the project was completed. [7] Legasov reassured Gorbachev by phone that scale of contamination was understood and the reactor was not a continuing threat to other countries. The question should be thought through in such a way that the understanding of safe nuclear energy is as wide as possible and not limited only to the question of creating a safe reactor. Following the complex calculations about lead, Alexandrov, for example, couldnt understand my reasoning for a long time, why that lead was needed. We went in and bought ourselves some very nice shirts. Secondly, silt, including that in the Dnieper basin, turned out to be contaminated. Here is an approximate composition of the Government, In the air, the conversations were alarming. All this work was done by the Soviet Ministry of Water and by the Ukrainian Ministry of Waterdone within a remarkably short time. This is what I did on the flight. This wasnt a leader that led us, it was a leader that was just making ends meet, getting money, sending information up to the levels above, sending people to launches or acceptances. It was a forced measure that had played a big role at the time when it was used. The station personnel was transferred to a Pioneers camp Skazochniy, that was 10 km from Pripyat. It would enclose the object in what is called a containment (maybe an underground option or other possible engineering options), but the most important for reliability is to have a system that does not rely on a geographical site. For example, when I visited the site after some time, I found out that the sorbents had been simply poured around the storm sewer when it would have been better to make a sort of pallet that could be quickly replaced after the sorbents became saturated with radionuclides. The medics objected. And it turned out that this facing was radiating 800 milliroentgens per hour but here [in Chernobyl], it radiated less than 10 milliroentgens per hour. It contains the above introduction and the original translation of the text, which I will replace with my revised version when I finish it. And a large army [of journalists] appeared there. Viktor Alekseevich, SIDORENKO, a former member of our Institute, corresponding member of the, USSR Academy of Sciences, was included in the composition of the, Governmental Commission. The wells are in place, are monitored and are functional. I will mention only one example of his work. By the way, looking back, I want to say once again that the question of how positive reactivity was added is a matter of discussion. It became clear that one group of researchers had to work solely on the tasks related to reactor number 4, while another would tackle its surrounding area. Simultaneously, the military continued to do all the necessary recon operations. [5] Legasov was not religious but very interested in religious history and heritage. The Finns, according to international requirements, said, Give us containment; we wont take it without containment. And then came our first station with containment. Now, Ponomaryov-Stepnoi became the first deputy director of nuclear energy who dealt with reactor construction. And our design organizations started to work with containments. The Legasov Tapes Featured August 16, 2019 Tape 1 side A Aym96/Wikimedia In all my life, it never occurred to me that I would have to start this part of my life. And it is very good judging by its reactor parameters, and it is with containment. But the radioactivity that would be carried out with the smoke could heavily contaminate a considerable area of land. Of course, this was wrong. We became convinced that no country in the world had a proven, experimentally verified action plan for such a situation. But, here, we must be honest with ourselves; that within the next 40-50 years, there will be nothing. To our surprise, or at least to mine, we were not presented with sufficiently precise information of the situation in the plant or the city; the only precise report was about the accident, that it had happened in reactor number 4 while conducting a non-standard experiment of the turbo-generator operation when the turbine was in free run. So this issue was somewhat resolved. There were less than 10 rem. Instead, each time it was a response to some technical proposal, or to some accident, or to some pre-accident situation. This doesnt mean that the spreading of radioactivity ended. What they collected, what was published, of course, is of tremendous importance from a historical and archival point of view as live documentary material. Altogether this was like a victory speech. Work, so to say, is progressing on the station, then abruptly stops because one or the other equipment is not there. Firstly, thanks to our reports and I was a reporter, they understood the situation, understood that this was not an average accident but a high-scale disaster that will have long-term consequences, and that enormous amounts of work would be required to continue the localisation of reactor number 4 as well as to decontaminate the area and to build a shelter for the wrecked 4th block. Having little information, we tried to prepare ourselves for all possible situations. [12]:261 He received the degree of Candidate in 1967 and his doctorate in chemistry in 1972. Valery Legasov. The second one. And yet, the gate valve that needed to be opened to determine if there was water inside the bubblers, was opened by one of the station workers in very difficult conditions. And so when they worked using their tunnelling shield or something similar, their way would appear to be clear when looking at the underground utility drawings. If there is a probability of receiving a dose of 75 rem or more, then the local authorities are required to carry out an evacuation. This, roughly, is the structure according to which all the material should be prepared. Evening road was. But at 11 am, it was already fully official. It would seem that the most difficult situation, but at the same time he told. This is what I was passionately working on, mainly figuring out the dangers in sources of energy alternative to nuclear energy. 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